Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). See How Do I Cite a Group Author in APA Style? for more information on formatting in-text citations and reference entries for corporate or group authors.Īmerican Psychological Association. For example, a report obtained from an organization’s website may not list the specific authors of the text, but if the organization is responsible for or produced the resource, list this organization as the group author. Use this title in place of the author name in the corresponding reference entry as well please see How Do I Reference an Article From a Daily Newspaper in APA Style if There Isn't an Author? for an example reference.īefore using the first few words of the title, check to determine if the resource has a corporate or group author. X) italicize the title in the in-text citation if it is also italicized in the reference list. If the title is not italicized in the references, use double quotation marks around the title in the in-text citation, for example, “quoted text” (“First Few Words”, year, p. If the work you are referencing does not name an author (which is different than Anonymous being the identified author), use the first few words of the title instead (APA, 2020, p. Use “Anonymous” as the author name in the corresponding reference entry as well. You may also want to investigate whether a third-party organization has provided directions for how to cite this kind of source.If a document was authored by “Anonymous”, instead of the author’s last name, cite “Anonymous” in the citation (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. For example, a sensible way to cite a virtual reality program would be to mimic the APA's guidelines for computer software. A good way to do this is to simply use the standard APA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite. In these cases, it's typically acceptable to apply the general principles of APA citation to the new kind of source in a way that's consistent and sensible. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the manual does not describe, making the best way to proceed unclear. The APA Publication Manual describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. Do not use Kindle location numbers instead, use the page number (available in many Kindle books) or the method above. Note: Never use the page numbers of webpages you print out different computers print webpages with different pagination. In the in-text citation provide the surname of the author but do not include suffixes such as "Jr.".Īccording to Smith (1997). This structure requires that any in-text citation (i.e., within the body of the text) be accompanied by a corresponding reference list entry. The APA manual recommends the use of the author-date citation structure for in-text citation references. There are also additional rules for citing authors of indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers. Though the APA's author-date system for citations is fairly straightforward, author categories can vary significantly from the standard "one author, one source" configuration. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.). The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. For sources with no author, use the title in place of an author. Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)Ĭopyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University.Writing Letters of Recommendation for Students.
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